Literary Work- The Magnificent Ambersons

Booth Tarkington is best remembered for his book, “The Magnificent Ambersons”, but in his life, wrote over twenty novels. Although the most popular, “The Magnificent Ambersons” was the second in a series of three books called “The Growth Trilogy”. The other two books in the trilogy were called “The Turmoil” and “The Midlander”, which was re-titled as “National Avenue”. The characters in these novels were mostly aristocrats. This was a result of the influence from Tarkington’s own rich upbringing. The novels describe, in great detail, changing times and changing social classes. The time of the Civil War to the time of World War I, is when these novels are set.

Tarkington won two Pulitzer Prizes, almost back to back. He was awarded such for “The Magnificent Ambersons” and “Alice Adams”. The novel “The Magnificent Ambersons” was made into a movie by Orson Welles. It was filmed right after he wrapped up Citizen Kane, and there was TONS of footage recorded. Sadly, he was unhappy with a lot of it, so it was cut, and later destroyed. Supposedly, Welles was sent a copy of the original, before the cuts, but no one ever found it.

-Clancy Darcy

Literary Work- The Waste Land

The Waste Land, written in 1922, is a 434-line modernist poem by T. S. Eliot. Despite it being a little bit hard to understand, the poem has become a familiar work of modern literature. It has confused many because of its abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location, and time. Some of its famous phrases are "April is the cruellest month," which is its very first line. Others are "I will show you fear in a handful of dust," and "Shantih shantih shantih," which is the last line.

T. S. Eliot is estimated to have worked on this poem for several years before having it published. Drafts of the poem that have been found show that there was almost double what it is now. Its famous first line was not actually written until the top of the second page. It is also said that Eliot let another poet, Ezra Pound, make cuts and changes to the poem resulting in a shorter product.

-Clancy Darcy

Steamboat Willie- Misc. essay

Steamboat Willie is a short, animated story, released on November 18, 1928. It was the third Mickey Mouse cartoon. “Plane Crazy” (released six months earlier) and “The Gallopin' Gaucho” (made earlier, but released after) being the first two. It was also the first Disney cartoon to feature synchronized sound. Disney used Pat Powers' Cinephone system, it was made by Powers using Lee De Forest's Phonofilm system, without giving De Forest any credit. Steamboat Willie premiered at New York's 79th Street Theatre, it played ahead of the independent feature film “Gang War.” Steamboat Willie was an immediate hit while “Gang War” has pretty much been forgotten, not many people know of it today.

The cartoon was directed by Walt Disney. The title is a parody of the Buster Keaton film “Steamboat Bill Jr.”. Music for Steamboat Willie was put together by Wilfred Jackson, one of Disney's animators. However, it was sometimes reported to be by Carl Stalling, but that’s not true. The short also uses popular melodies including "Steamboat Bill" and "Turkey in the Straw" (the ice cream man song).

-Clancy Darcy

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey, Provisional president of Africa and Messiah, was the most widely known agitator for the rights of the negro and one of the most phenomenal. Arriving in the United States unknown and poor, in just about four years he became the most talked about black man in the U.S., the West Indies, and perhaps the world. He was born in Jamaica, West Indies. He had very humble parents. His father was a breaker of stones on the roadway. Marcus went to a denominational school and he dreamed of doing great things. He worshiped Napoleon. On Sundays he pumped the organ in the Wesleyan Methodist Church at St. Ann's Bay, of which his parents were members. Later Garvey became a Catholic.

He stopped going to school at the age of sixteen to become the apprentice in the printing plant of P. Austin Benjamin in Kingston. six years later he became the foreman. He began agitation for the political' rights of the blacks of the island, who, though in the majority, were of lower social caste than the mulattoes. He also went among the West Indian laborers who were recruited to work and he urged them to demand more pay and better working conditions, and for this he got arrested in Port Limon, Costa Rica.

Prashant Singh

Teapot Dome Scandal

The Scandal dates back to the popular legislation of presidents Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and William Taft, specifically as to the navel petroleum reserves in Wyoming and California. There were three navel oil fields, Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills in California and Teapot Dome in Wyoming, were tracts of public land that were owned by previous presidents to be emergency underground supplies to be used by the navy when they had no more regular supplies.

The Teapot Dome oil field received its because of a teapot shaped rock above the oil-bearing land. Many politicians and private private oil intersects had opposed the restrictions placed on the oil fields claiming that the reserves were unnecessary and that the American oil companies could provide for the U.S. Navy.

One politician that opposed the conservation was Albert B. Fall Who was Warren G. Harding's interior secretary in 1921. Upon becoming secretary of the interior, convinced the secretary of the Navy to turn over the control of the oil fields to him. Fall then moved to lease the Teapot Dome to Harry Sinclair's Mammoth Oil Company and the Elk Hills reserve to Edward Doheny's Pan American Petroleum Company. In return for leasing these oil fields to the respective oil magnates Fall received "gifts" from the oilmen totaling about $400,000. Fall tried to keep his actions secret but his sudden improvements in his standard of living drew speculation. The scandal was revealed to the public in 1924 after findings by a committee of the U.S. Senate. Albert Fall had made legitamite leases of the oil fields to the private companies but the taking of money was his undoing.


-Prashant Singh

Coco Chanel

Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel was born August 19th 1883 in Saumur, France by her parents Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle. Julie(1882) was their first daughter and following was her siblings Coco, Alphonse(1885), Antoinette(1887), Lucien(1889) and Pierre(born & died 1891). In 1895, when Coco was 12 her mother passed away from tuberculosis and her father left the family. Due to her father's leaving, Coco spent 6 years in the orphanage of the Roman

Catholic monastery of Aubazine, until she turned 18 and left to go to the town of Moulins to become a cabaret singer, where she got her nickname "Coco". In the club she performed at she met rich, young textile heir Etienne Balsan, and soon became his mistress. Balsan lavished her in diamonds, dresses, pearls, and anything her heart desired. During her time with Balsan she realized her deep interest in her hat designing hobby. Her first shop she opened was called Chanel Modes in Cambon, Paris. Her business boomed when famous theatre actress Gabrielle Dorizat modeled her hats in the play Bel Ami in 1912. Her business kept climbing after that to where she even made a false history to go with her new life and even told people that she was 10 years younger than she actually was.

In 1925 Coco Vera Bate Lombardi became Coco's assistant/co-worker and means of upper-class connections. At the beginning of WWII Coco closed her shops, she believed it was not a time for fashion. She lived in the Hotel Ritz Paris on and off for 30 years even while the Germans occupied it. In 1943, after 4 years of separation, Coco contacted Lombardi, living in Rome, to come to Paris to renew their work together. This was actually a cover for "Operation Modellhut", an attempt by Nazi spy-master Walter Schellenberg to make secret contact with Lombardi's family member, Winston Churchill. Lombardi refused and was arrested as a British spy by the Gestapo with Coco later charged as a collaborator, but fortunately avoided trial due to an intervention by the British Royal family. In 1945 she moved to Switzerland and eventually moved back to paris in 1954. In that same year Coco released a new collection that, although, did not make much success with the Parisians due to her involvement with the Nazis, did, make a huge success with her most reliable customers, the British and Americans.

There have been many productions of Coco Chanel's life as well as books along with the newest movie, "Coco Before Chanel" by Anne Fontain, starring Audrey Tautou.

Coco Chanel had affairs with some of the most influential men of her time, but never did marry. When she was asked her reason for not marrying the Duke of Westminster, her response was, " There have been several Duchesses of Westminster. There is only one Chanel."

-Bella Mireles

1920's Women's Fashion

A lot happened to women in the 1920's. Women got the right to vote, alcohol became legal, and world war one ended. The younger generation stopped obeying the high standards due to all the deaths brought by world war one. They became more liberal and more understanding of the lesser things in life. For the first time, the older women copied the younger women in fashion. The strong liberation of women was expressed in the fashion. Women's legs and arms showed. They drove around in Model T's, showing off their raccoon coats and pretty hair.

The flapper was the heroine of the 1920's Jazz Age. People still idle the flapper to this day. People now and then admired her confidence and sex appeal. The flappers signature outfit was the tight fitting dress with two to three inch tassels from the top to the bottom, giving her a perfect shape that every guy imagined their perfect girl would look like. Another popular fashion was flatten breasts, and hips, and bobbed hair. Shirts dresses, with big bows and peter pan collars were a big hit too.

In the 1920's everything was still hand made by tailors and dress makers. However there were still some ready-to-wear pre-made clothing in department stores. In 1923, the bobbed hair cut turned into the shingle cut. Silk tights became popular, and even though there was wrinkling, they still made the girls legs look almost naked. Women's P.J.s became cotton pants and halter tops instead of night gowns the previous generation sweared by. In 1926 the skirts became shorter and evening dresses no longer had to be so long. the evening dress were shorter, making some leg show, and most of them were patterned with bold colors, fringe and detail work. In all ways the 1920's women's fashion became a reflection of individuals and the obsticles women over came.

-Kara Klaczynski

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany. Him and his family eventually moved to Munich. In Munich Einstiens father and uncle opened up an electric manufacturing company. The Einstein family was Jewish, but their son went to a Catholic Elementry school until he was 10 years old. In 1894 Einsteins fathers company failed and the family moved about the country of Italy and eventually settled in Pavia. While Einsteins family stayed in Pavia, Albert stayed in Munich to finish his studies in Luitpold Gynmasium.

After Einstein graduated he spend two agonizing years searching for a teaching job. His friend found him a job in Bern, as an assistant examiner. In Bern, Einstein formed a weekly disscusion club on science and philosophy. In 1908, Einstein was recognized as a leading scientist. In 1911, Einstein came up with a theory, he calculated that the light from a star would be bent on it's way to another star because of the suns gravity.

In 1921, Einstein was awarded a Nobel Prize for the theory he came up with in 1908. But because his theory was still controvertial he didn't get the award until 1925. In 1933 Einstein wanted to move to the Untited States but he couldn't because he was Jewish. He got to the United States a few years later. In 1955 Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of his insides which had been worked on in the past. He died in the hospital the next day, peacfully, he said the day before that he was ready to go, so he did.

-Kara Klaczynski

The Band-Aid

In 1920, Earle Dickson invented an adhesive bandage. He sold the idea to Johnson & Johnsons. The company eventually came up with the name Band-Aid for the product. The prodotype product allowed Dicksons wife to tend to her wounds without assistance. The first Band-Aid products were hand made and not very popular, but by 1924 with the machine made Band-Aids grew in popularity. Due to World War Two, Band-Aids started to ship overseas to millions of medical teams and to hospitals for people who are in urgent care.

In 1954 decorative Band-Aids were introduced to the puplic. They were Superman, Batman, Rocket Power and Smily Faces. Johnson & Johnson made a variety of different products under the original Band-Aid. Such as The Liquid Band-Aid, Scar Healing Bandages, Among the newist is the Flex fit Bandage. Johnson & Johnson made factories all over the United States and now extended to Brazil and China. Remember, if you want to have your cut heal faster, you need Earle Dicksons 1920 invention, The Band-Aid.

-Kara Klaczynski

The Jazz Age

At the end of World War One, at the beginning of the great depression, a new kind of music came around. Jazz was a major factor in the Roaring 20's. The traditional values of the people before dropped as the stock market crashed. Jazz became the most popular music of the decade. People all over the Untied States were caught listening to jazz music. Pretty soon a whole new dance type was made to go along with the new form of music.

Jazz is a form of music with a lot of improvizational notes and solos. Even though the older generation thought of jazz as immoral and threatning, there was no stopping the younger generation from loving this new swing music. Most jazz bands consisted of seven to twelve people all on different interments. The inserments that were othen used were the saxaphone, trumpet, bass guitar, double bass, piano, and drums.

Big bands were made. Anyone that new how to play an insterment would learn some jazz, or blues. Jazz bands and Big bands sounded alike, but they were different in more ways than one. First Big bands had many more people in their bands and a wider array of insterments. The biggest difference though is that Jazz bands used improv for most of their show, as were Big bands were highly arranged and orginized.

-Kara Klaczynski

Warren G Harding

Warren Harding was born on November 2, 1865, in Corsica, Ohio. The family moved to a farm in
Caledonia, Ohio, when he was a small boy. He was one of six children.
Harding attended a one-room school at Blooming Grove and went on to Ohio Central College
(1800-1882). He took a part-time job at a printing shop and learned how to run a press. Because of this, he edited the campus newspaper while in college. He graduated from college (1882) with a B.S. degree. Harding married Florence King DeWolfe at his home in Marion, Ohio, on August 15, 1860. She was a divorcée with one son. They had an unhappy marriage, but Mrs. Harding worked hard to make the family newspaper, The Marion Star, a financial success. She was interested in astrology and once visited a clairvoyant who predicted her husband would become president but die in office. As First Lady, Mrs.Harding was an elegant entertainer. She died of kidney disease sixteen months after her husband and is buried by his side. The couple had no children.
Prior to the presidency, Harding served Ohio as a state senator (1899-1903), lieutenant governor (1903-1905), and US Senator (1915-1921). He was in favor of the Prohibition and women’s right to vote. On most difficult issues, he took the Republican position in order to bring unity to the party and avoid confrontation. He did, however, support President Wilson’s effort to keep America out of WWI. He was a strong patriot and championed the rights of the workingman.
As president, Harding refused to join the League of Nations, thus assuring its failure. He signed papers ending the war without a formal ceremony. Harding was the first president to speak for civil rights in the South. It was his hope that black men would regard themselves as “full participants in the benefits and duties of American citizens.” He established the Bureau of the Budget, recognizing that there needed to be controls placed on Federal expenditures. Finally, during his administration, Harding convened the Washington Conference for the Limitation of Armament in which Great Britain and the United States agreed to limit the number of battleships in their Navies. In addition, the four powers, France, the United
States, Britain, and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territory in Asia and peacefully resolve any disagreements among them.
Early in 1923, Harding had to face rumors of corruption in his administration. Investigations
proved that many of his appointees were corrupt. Harding began a speaking tour of the United States to convince people that he was still an honest man. He had high blood pressure and heart disease. While on the tour, he fell ill and died in San Francisco on August 2, 1923.

-Clancy Darcy

Misc. Essay- Betty Boop

Betty Boop made her first appearance on August 9, 1930 in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes, the sixth installment in Fleischer's Talkartoon series. She was little like her soon-to-be-famous self, however. Grim Natwick, a veteran animator of both Walt Disney's and Ub Iwerks' studios, was largely responsible for creating the character, which he modeled on Helen Kane, a singer and contract player at Paramount Pictures, the studio that distributed Fleischer's cartoons. In keeping with common practice, Natwick made his new character an animal, in this case, a French poodle. Beginning with this cartoon, the character's voice was performed by several different voice actresses until Mae Questel got the role, in 1931, and kept it for the rest of the series. Natwick himself later conceded that Betty's original look was quite ugly.
The animator redesigned her in 1932 to be recognizably human in the cartoon Any Rags. Her floppy poodle ears became hoop earrings, and her poodle fur became a bob haircut. She appeared in ten cartoons as a supporting character, a flapper girl with more heart than brains. In individual cartoons she was called "Nancy Lee" and "Nan McGrew". She usually served as studio star Bimbo's girlfriend. Although some claim that Betty's first name was established in the 1931 Screen Songs cartoon Betty Co-ed, this "Betty" was, in truth, an entirely different character. Though the song itself may have led to Betty's eventual christening, any references to Betty Co-ed as a Betty Boop vehicle have been made in error. (The official Betty Boop website describes the titular character as a "prototype" of Betty.) In all, there were at least 12 Screen Songs cartoons that featured either Betty Boop or a similar character.
There were only two films known in which Betty was featured in color. 'Poor Cinderella' and 'Crazy Town' (1932). Although... She appeared in the color feature film 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit', Betty appeared in her traditional black and white. Betty made light of it in the film, saying work may have been slow since cartoons went to color, but she still had what it took.

-Amber Vrolyk

Phonograph

Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville, a French printer and bookseller from Paris, made a phonautograph and patented it on March 25, 1857. Phonautograph lacked the means to play back sound after recording it.Charles Cros, a French scientist postulated the phonograph theory, but was unable to manufacture a working model. Thomas Edison had created a working phonograph by the time Cros’s theory was made public. Hence, both Edison and Charles Cross are attributed with independent discoveries of the phonograph.In 1877, Edison came up with the principles of sound recording and reproduction of sound. On November 21, 1877, Thomas Edison declared that he had invented a phonograph and he demonstrated it for the first time on November 29. The first phonograph designed by Edison consisted of a phonograph cylinder of tinfoil onto which sound could be recorded by means of a stylus.In 1886, Charles Sumner Tainter and Chichester Bell patented vertically modulated engraved recordings that used wax-coated cylinders. Their patent was known as graphophone. In 1887, Emile Berliner, an American inventor born in Germany, came up with his version of phonograph and patented it as the gramophone. The gramophone was based on a system of recording that used the lateral movement of a stylus that moved spirally over a zinc disc. May 1989 witnessed the opening of the very first phonograph parlor in San Francisco, where customers could select songs to be played on phonographs. Perhaps, the idea of jukeboxes and music parlors of today, are derivatives of the phonograph parlors of the olden times.

Clancy Darcy

The League of Nations

The League of Nations was created after World War I. It was created to ensure another war doesn't break out. Many looked for stability form the league of nations.

World War I started in 1917, and America was terrified as was the president Woodrow Wilson. He was horrified by the slaughter that had taken place in such a civilized part of the world. The only way they could avoid something like this again would be if they organized an international body whose purpose was to maintain peace in the world and would sort out international disputes as and when they occurred.

The League of Nations was to be based in Geneva, Switzerland. They had picked Switzerland because it was a neutral country and had not fought in the war. No one could dispute this choice because it already had an international organization such as the Red Cross based in Switzerland.

If disputes did occur, The League, under its Covenant, could do one of three things-these were known as sanctions:
The League could call the states in dispute and discuss it in a orderly and peaceful manor. The leagues parliament would listen to the argument and come up with a decision on how to move on.

1) If one nation was seen to be the offender the League could introduce verbal sanctions, which would warn a nation that if they don't leave another nations territory they will face consequences.
2) If states did not listen to the Assembly, the League could introduce economic sanctions, which would be arranged by the Council. This would hit the aggressive nation financially. This would make the nation bankrupt and would make the people take their anger out on the government which would force them to accept the leagues decision. A way that they would push them towards bankruptcy would be by telling nations not to trade with them. This would bring the aggressor nation to its heel.
3) If this did not work then the League would introduce the physical sanction. This meant military force would be put in to enforce the Leagues decision. But the League did not have a military at its disposal because no nation was required to provide one. Britain and France would use their military forces but they were to weak from WWI. So they could not use this tactic.

-Prashant Singh

The T.V.

To develope the T.V. a group of optical, mechanical, and electronic employees were hired. The T.V. was meant to capture, transmit and display a visual image. The use of scanning to transmit an image was used in 1881, in the pantelegraph. That's where the idea of the future T.V. came from. in 1884 a Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23 year old student in Germany, patentied the first model of the electrmechanical T.V. system.

Later Scottish John Logie Baird deminstrated the transsition of moving picutures in London, in 1925. Baird's system produced a 30 lines resolution, just enough to see a human face. Baird didn't stop there. in 1927 Baird made the first video recording system. In 1926, a Hungarin engineer disigned a television using full electric, scanning and display elements.

By 1927, a Russian inventor made a new kind of T.V. He made a T.V. with mirror drum-base technology. His achived a 100 lines resolution. In 1928 a newer model of a television came out. The television had a system with scanning of both pick up and display divises. It was showed to the media on September 1st 1928. In 1929 T.V. broadcasts were a regular thing in Germany. And in 1936 the Berlin Olimpic Games were broadcast. That same year Kalman Tihanyi came up with the idea of a plasma television, the first flat plannel system.

-Kara Klaczynski

The Prohibition Era

In the past Prohibition, also known as”The Noble Experiment”, was a time from 1920 to 1933. During this Time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned nationally.

The U.S. proposed the eighteenth amendment on December 18th, 1917. It was approved by 36 states and was ratified on January 16th, 1919. But it didn’t become effective until 1920.

Prohibition was helpful in making the amount of liquor consumed lessen. However, it more times than not crippled society, but by other means. During the Great Depression, mostly in large city’s, Prohibition became less and less popular. President Roosevelt signed into law an amendment allowing manufacture and sale of certain kinds of alcoholic beverages.

With the ratification of the 21st amendment on December 5th, 1933, the 18th amendment was repealed.


Clancy Darcy

Historical Event- Volstead Act

Andrew J. Volstead, Republican representative from Minnesota, was the driving force behind the National Prohibition Act (a.k.a. the Volstead Act). This measure provided for the following:

-The manufacture, transport, export, sale or possession of alcoholic beverages was prohibited within the United States

-Alcoholic beverages were those that contained more than one-half percent of alcohol

-Federal agents were empowered to investigate and prosecute violators.

Volstead failed to get re-elected in 1922, but some experts think that low farm prices, and not prohibition legislation, was reason for his defeat. The public followed this law pretty good in its early years, but support greatly decreased as crime rates increased.

In early 1933, in anticipation of the 18th Amendment's repeal, the Volstead Act was revised, which allowed the manufacture and sale of 3.2 percent beer. The act was voided later that year with the adoption of the 21st Amendment.

-Amber Vrolyk

Historical Figure- Charles Lindbergh

Charles Lindbergh was born to mother Evangeline Land at her mother's house in February of 1902. His mother was a chemistry teacher for Detroit and his father, Charles Lindbergh was a lawyer and Minnesota's Sixth District congressman from 1907 through 1917. Although he often took trips to Washington DC to spend time with his father, Charles Lindbergh spent most of his time growing up on his family's farm in Little Falls Minnesota. His desire to pursue aviation began at an early age when he witnessed a plane flying over the family farm one day.

When he had completed high school Lindbergh spent the next two years running the farm where he had grown up. In 1920 he enrolled in the University of Wisconsin in Madison to study engineering. By 1922 his love of flying overcame him and he began flight school in Lincoln Nebraska. While in school Charles Lindbergh worked as a mechanic and a parachute jumper. In 1923 he bought his very first plane and made his first solo flight.

Just a short year later Charles Lindbergh entered an army flying school where he saw the benefits of his training right away. He graduated first in his class and in 1926 became the first air mail pilot to travel between Saint Louis and Chicago. Ever the adventure seeker Charles Lindbergh convinced a group of businessmen to back him in an attempt to win a $25,000 prize that had been offered by hotel mogul Raymond Orteig since 1919. The plane "Spirit of Saint Louis" was partially designed by Lindbergh and constructed by Ryan Airlines of San Diego for the attempted flight between New York and Paris France.

Tragedy struck Lindbergh and his wife Anne in 1932 when their son Charles Jr. was kidnapped and never found. Horrified by the loss of their child the couple sought solace in England then eventually France. While living over seas the Lindberghs had five children and Charles worked with Dr. Alexis Carrel on the first version of the artificial heart. Throughout his life Charles Lindbergh was involved in commercial and millitary aviation. He was also a very accomplished writer and did a lot for the development of several primitive tribes.Charles Lindbergh passed away in his Hawaiian home on August the 26th 1974

-Amber Vrolyk

Alice Stokes Paul

"When you put your hand to the plow, you can't put it down until you get to the end of the row." --Alice Paul recalling her mother's advice

Alice Stokes Paul was born January 11th, 1885 in her hometown of Moorestown, New Jersey. She was born the daughter of William Mickle Paul I and Tacie Parry and a loving sister to Helen, Parry, and William II. Alice grew up on her family's farm, Paulsdale, and lived their most of her life. Her parents wanted the farm to have a sort of "Hick-site Quaker" ambiance, which pretty much meant that they believed people should live closer to nature rather than apart from it.

During school Alice was involved in many activities and sports. Maybe this was an early sign that she was a born activist! Alice's mother Tacie was also a suffrage leader and was part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and brought Alice when she attended meetings, so it was natural for alice to feel influenced by her mom. In 1901 Alice enrolled in Swarthmore College and successfully graduated in 1905 with a B.A. in Biology. Alice was the only one of her siblings and moher to complete four years of college. After this achievement she decided to go through more schooling, which included:

-Graduating in 1907 with her M.A. in Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania

-Graduating in 1912 with her Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania

-Graduating in 1922 with her LL.B. from Washingon College of Law

-Graduating in 1927 with her LL.M. from American University

-Graduating in 1928 with her D.D.L. from American University

In the 1920's Alice Paul was in a gigantic suffrage parade that stole the attention from Woodrow Wilson's inauguration. When Wilson proved slow to help the suffrage cause, Alice Paul used the British strategy of holding the political party in power responsible. Her group,which at the time was called, Congressional Union, campaigned against Democrats in the states where women were already allowed to vote. She led them in militant tactics, even including picketing the White House! Unfortunately after WWI tensions grew and the pickets were threatened by hostile crowds and the picketers were thrown in jail. Alice Paul was thrown in the Psychopathic Ward where she refused to eat, but was force-fed through a plastic tube. By the 1920's her group, by then known as the National Women's Party, set the agenda for feminism: the vote won, and their next target would be an equal rights amendment.

In 1920 the Nineteenth amendment to the United States Constitution secured the vote for women! Alice Paul was the original author of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in 1923.

In 1929 she settled into a house bought by Alva Belmont in Washington, D.C. for the NWP headquarters for 40 years. This house is now know as the Sewall-Belmont House and Museum( a historical house/museum of the women's suffrage and equal-rights movements.

In the late 1960's Alice lived alone in the Alta Craig Nursing Home in Ridgefield, Connecticut. At the age of 80 she still led rallies for women's suffrage. Shortly after her friend elise died she moved back to her hometown. In 1974 Alice had a stroke which disabled her, unfortunately from doing anymore work. On July 9th, 1977, Alice Paul died of heart failure. She was 92 years old. Two years after her death, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame and she is also scheduled to appear on the U.S.'s half-ounce $10 gold coin in 2012, as part of the "First Spouse" program.

-Bella Mireles

The Stock Market Crash

When World War I was over in 1918, most Americans had jobs. They spent their money on many new products such as phonographs and automobiles. Americans listened to the radio and watched movies. Companies were growing quickly. People wanted to buy items like refrigerators and washing machines. These could be purchased on installments. ( Paying a small amount each month.)
During the 1920's many people invested money in the Stock Market. The Stock Market is the how companies raise money to grow larger. It sells shares of stock. A person who buys the share of stock is buying a part of that company. The person holding shares can make profits if the company makes money or loss money if the company does not do well.
Many people borrowed money from loan companies to buy stocks. In the early 20's the prices of most stocks went up and up. In the late 20's problems began to show:
American companies were making more goods than American buyers wanted. Employees were laid off. As people lost their jobs they were not able to pay their debts. They could not pay back the loan companies. Many were forced to sell their homes and farms. The people who had stock tried to sell it.
A panic set it. Soon everyone wanted to sell their stock at the same time. On October 29, 1929 the Stock Market hits its lowest time. This was called Black Tuesday.
Another reason for the Crash of the Stock Market was that banks were investing their money in the Stock Market. When people came to the banks to take out their money the banks had no money to give them.
Another reason for the Depression was farmers were also having trouble selling their crops. Before World War I they had been selling their crops overseas. Europeans began to plant crops once the war was over. Many farmers lost money on their farms because of this.
Once people lost their jobs and money they had less to spend. Businesses could no longer sell their goods. Creating an even bigger problem.
Year Number of people unemployed(without jobs)
1929 1,500,000
1930 4,400,000
1933 12,800,000

-Clancy Darcy

Walt Disney

Walt Disney was born December 5th 1901, in Chicago Illinois. Disney signed up for the army, and dropped out of high school. The army rejected him because he was the age of 16, too young for the army. He went to France for a year, there he got a job as an ambulence driver. He moved to Kansas in 1919 to start his career as an artist. He got a job at Pesmen-Rubin art studio, there he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks. When their jobs terms were up, they decided to open up their own comercial company. In 1920, they opened the short lived company "Iwerks-Disney Commercial arts." Disney left the company to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. There he took up a new hobbie, animating.

Disney sceened his own cartoon in 1920 named Laugh-O-Grams at his local theater. Disney and his brother put their money together to make their own studio in Hollywood California. Margret Winkler liked Disneys work and asked him to do a series of animated shorts based on Alice's Wonderland. In 1928, Disney went to New York to ask for a higher fee for each short. Most of Disneys staff ended up working for Mintz. After Disney got a new staff he needed a new character, that's when he came up with Mickey Mouse. He also came up with Felix the Cat. Even though in 1930, all of his cartoon were in sound, they failed to get very much attention. In the early 1930's Mickey Mouses popularity skyrocketed.

Following the Mickey Mouse series, in 1929, he made a short animated series called Silly Symphonies. By 1932 Mickey Mouse was one of the most popular cartoon, but not his newer Siller Symphonies. Betty Boop also grew in popularity. He made Flowers and Trees which was originally in black and white, but then he made it in three strip technicolor. Flowers and Trees got Disney his first Academy Award. Disney later created the most popular cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs. In 1934, Disney began his first full length film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. He also started production on Popeye the Sailor. The critics dubbed Snow White the end of disneys career. Disney worked on Snow White from 1934-1937. Snow White was so popular that Disney made enough money to make a new studio in Burbank California. He is now one of the most known people in the world. His work is and was loved by all. Disney Died in 1966 in Burbank California at the age of 65.

-Kara

Scientist- Niels Bohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on October 7, 1885 in Copenhagen. His father, Christian Bohr, was a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. His mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, was born into a wealthy Sephardic Jewish family. Niels' brother, Harald Bohr, became a mathematician and Olympic soccer player for the Danish national team.

In 1911, Bohr received his doctorate from Copenhagen University. After graduation, he attended Victoria University of Manchester in England where he studied under Ernest Rutherford. Under Rutherford's theories Bohr published his model of atomic structure (1913) and introduced the theory of electrons orbiting around the atom's nucleus and stated that the element's properties are largely determined by the number of electrons in the electron cloud. He also introduced the idea of electrons dropping from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one could emit a photon of discrete energy. These findings later became known as the quantum theory.

In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor for the University of Copenhagen and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics in 1920. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his investigation of the atom. Bohr later went on to conceive the principle of complementarity, that items can be analyzed seperately as having contradictory properties. Bohr met with Albert Einstein to debate the truth of the principles. Bohr's most famous student was Werner Heisenberg, who helped develop quantum mechanics and was the head of the German atomic bomb project.

In 1943, Bohr was to be arrested by the German police. However, Bohr escaped to Sweden and later to London before an arrest could be made. From there, Bohr went to the USA and secretly worked on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos laboratory under the name "Nicholas Baker" for security reasons. His role on the project were extremely important and was seen as the knowledgeable consultant or "father confessor" of the project. However, when asked of the nuclear arms race, Bohr stated "That is why I went to America. They didn't need my help in making the atom bomb."

Bohr believed the atomic secrets should be shared with the international community. After meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, the two agreed the results should be shared with the Russians in order to speed the process. However, when Bohr returned to England to ask for approval from Churchill, the Prime Minister opposed the idea. After the war had ended, Bohr returned to his native Copenhagen and advocated for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Niels Bohr died in Copenhagen in 1962. The element bohrium was named in his honor and his picture was put on the 500 kr. Danish bank note.

-Amber Vrolyk

Misc essay 1- Mary Brooks

Mary Louise Brooks, also known by her childhood name of Brooksie, was born in the midwestern town of Cherryvale, Kansas, on November 14, 1906. She began dancing at an early age (with the Ziegfeld Follies) but would become one of the most fascinating and alluring personalities ever to grace the silver screen. She was always compared to her Lulu role in PANDORA'S BOX, which was filmed in 1928. Her performances in A GIRL IN EVERY PORT and BEGGARS OF LIFE, both filmed in 1928, proved to all concerned that Louise had real talent.

She became known, mostly, for her bobbed hair style. Thousands of women were attracted to that style and adopted it as their own. As you will note by her photographs, she was no doubt the trend setter of the 1920's with her Buster Brown-Page Boy type hair cut, much like today's women imitate stars. Because of her dark haired look and being the beautiful woman that she was, plus being a modern female, she was not especially popular among Hollywood's clientle. She just did not go along with the norms of the film society.

Louise really came into her own when she left Hollywood for Europe. There she appeared in a few German productions which were very well made and continued to prove she was an actress with an enduring talent. Until she ended her career in film in 1938, she had made only 25 movies. After that, she spent most of her time reading and painting. She also became an accomplished writer, authoring a number of books, including her autobiography. On August 8, 1985, Louise died of a heart attack in Rochester, New York. She was 78 years old.

-Amber Vrolyk

Literary Figure- Sinclair Lewis

Born Harry Sinclair Lewis in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, he began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. A dreamer, at age 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, wanting to become a drummer boy in the Spanish-American War. At first, he produced romantic poetry, then romantic stories about knights and fair ladies. By 1921 he had six novels published .

In 1930, Sinclair Lewis became the first American author to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The award reflected his ground-breaking work in the 1920s on books such as Main Street, Babbitt, and Arrowsmith. He was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for 'Arrowsmith', but declined it because he believed that the Pulitzer was meant for books that celebrated American wholesomeness and his novels, which were quite critical, should not be awarded the prize.

Lewis was innovative for giving strong characterization to modern working women and his concern with race. Restless, he traveled a lot and in the 1920s he would spend time with other great artists in the Montparnasse Quarter in Paris, France where he would be photographed by Man Ray.

Alcohol would play a dominant role in his life and he died of the effects of advanced alcoholism in Rome, Italy.

In 2001, his 1920 book, Main Street would be named to the list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century by the editorial board of the American Modern Library.

-Amber Vrolyk

Greta Garbo.

Many People of the 1920's remember the beautiful actress Greta Garbo. Greta Garbo was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1905. When she was just 14, her father died. She was devistated. She could no longer go to school because she needed to support herself, so she got a job. Her first job was a soap-lather girl in a barbershop. The founder of PUB Department store walked in and that day offered Garbo a job as a clerk at PUB. She also started modeling in the newspapers for PUB. And Eventually she stared in two short films for PUB. They were seen by famous comedy director Erik Petschler, he gave her a part in his upcoming film Peter The Tramp.

For two years Garbo studied at the Royal Dramatic Theature in Stockholm. There, she met director Mauritz Stiller. He was working as a teacher there and gave her a major role in his silent film Gosta Berlings Saga in 1924. Even though Garbo had a great career so far, a great tragedy as Garbos sister died of cancer in 1926 at the age of 23. During the 1920's Garbo was the most active in her career, being in a total of seventeen movies including The Gay Cavalier, The Scarlet Angel, The Torrent, The Temptress, Love, The Divine Woman, Wild Orchids, and The Kiss. She was active from 1920-1941 and then happily retired in 1951 as a US citizen. She from then on lived alone, no children nor husband in New York City. She died in a New York hospital in 1990 due to pneumonia and renal failure. She left her entire estate to her niece an estimated 20,000,000 dollers.

-Kara Klaczynski

Warren G. Harding

Before his nomination, Warren declared that "Americas need was not heroics, but healing; but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...." A democratic leader, William Gibbs McAdoo, said that Harding's speeches were "an army of pompous phrases moving across the landscape in search of an idea." Since Harding's pronouncements remained unclear on the league of nations, in contrast to the crusade of the democratic candidates, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Harding was born near Marion, Ohio in 1865. He married a divorcee, Mrs. Florence Kling De Wolfe. He was a trustee of the Trinity Baptist Church, a leader in fraternal organizations, charitable enterprises, and director of almost every important business.

Harding's undeviating Republicanism and vibrant speaking voice, plus his willingness to let the machine bosses set policies, led him far in Ohio politics. He served in the state Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, and unsuccessfully ran for Governor. He delivered the nominating address for President Taft at the 1912 Republican Convention. In 1914 he was elected to the Senate, which he found "a very pleasant place."

An Ohio admirer, Harry Daugherty, began to promote Harding for the 1920 Republican nomination because, he later explained, "He looked like a President."

Thus a group of Senators, taking control of the 1920 Republican Convention when the principal candidates deadlocked, turned to Harding. He won the Presidential election by an landslide of 60 percent of the popular vote. Republicans in Congress easily got the President's signature on their bills. They eliminated wartime controls and slashed taxes, established a Federal budget system, restored the high protective tariff, and imposed tight limitations upon immigration.

Looking wan and depressed, Harding journeyed westward in the summer of 1923, taking with him his upright Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover. "If you knew of a great scandal in our administration," he asked Hoover, "would you for the good of the country and the party expose it publicly or would you bury it?" Hoover urged publishing it, but Harding feared the political repercussions.

He did not live to find out how the public would react to the scandals of his administration. In August of 1923, he died in San Francisco of a heart attack.

-Prashant Singh

The Lost Generation

During the 1920s their was a very popular group of writers called "The Lost Generation".The term "the lost generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein who is rumored to have heard her auto-mechanic while in France to have said that his young workers were, "une generation perdue". This referred to the horrible auto-mechanic repair skills. Gertrude Stein would use this phrase to describe the of 1920's who rejected American post WWI values. The three best known writers of The Lost Generation were F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and John Dos Passos. The others were Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald. Ernest Hemingway, Perhaps the leading literary figure of the decade, took Stein's and used it as an epigraph for his first novel, The Sun Also Rises. Because of the popularity of the novel, the term, "The Lost Generation" is the enduring term that has stayed with writers of 1920.

The "Lost Generation" defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness apparent in literary figures during the 1920s. World War I seemed to have destroyed the idea that if you acted virtuously, good things would happen. Many good, young men went to war and died, or returned home either physically or mentally wounded, and their faith in the moral guideposts that had earlier given them hope, were no longer valid...they were "Lost."

These literary figures criticized American culture in fictional stories which had the themes of self exile, care free living and spiritual alienation. Fitzgerald's This Side of Pardise shows people of the 1920's covering their depression behind the force of the jazz age. Another Fitzgerald novel does the same where the illusion of happiness hides the loneliness of the main character.

The novels produced by the writers of the Lost Generation give insight to the lifestyles that people lead during the 1920's in America, and the literary works of these writers were innovative for their time and have influenced many future generations in their styles of writing.

-Prashant Singh
.

The Radio

During the 1920's the automobile was one of the best inventions, but it was not the greatest.An invention of smaller dimensions, lower cost, and with the same abilities to bring people together spurred on as the greatest craze of the 1920s. The radio was an instant success with the American people. It was cheaper than a car and so it virtually became a part of every home in America in a couple of short years. Following the first American broadcasting station, KDKA, in Pittsburgh. Thousands of broadcasting would pop up in the later years. Everyone instantly obsessed with the radio. Many people would stay up half the night listening to concerts, sermons, news, and sports. People without home radios would gather around in public places. The advent of public radio allowed listeners to not only keep up with national issues and events, it also allowed listeners to experience new ideas, new entertainment, and to form opinions on matters that had never been publicized to a national degree.Radios in thousands of homes linked people simultaneously in enjoyment and excitement.

There were actually many negative effects to having a radio. For example, if one were to spend a lot of time listening to the radio they would become idealistic, and for some it would be hard for them to discerning reality from "radio reality". "The hobby of radio listening encouraged a tendency, ..., a feeling that one's country and one's self were exempt from unpleasant consequences.", which said that people in the 1920's only saw "good" in life and were ignorant of the "bad". Advertisement quickly followed the outburst of radio popularity. According to Stevenson, radio advertising did not help the American public to become more open-minded. Take the following passage from Stevenson's The American 1920s.

"... Advertising was false in promising more than the seller delivered to the buyer, but it was false in seeming to be a world to which real life must bring itself to relation. It was false to particular American life and it was false to particular human nature in its blindness, narrowness, its smoothing away of individual corners and all inconvenient or tragic exultations or despairs. It was so persuasive a surface, so willingly adjusted to by many people that it was like a lowered, limited horizon. Strong emotions and fierce beliefs were stoppered down so that when they burst forth they rushed out with violence and exaggeration. ..."

-Prashant Singh

Al capone

Capone, Al (Alphonse) (1899–1947), a United States gangster. During the prohibition era, he achieved international notoriety as boss of the Chicago underworld. By ruthless extermination of rival gangs, Capone gained control of the bootleg liquor business, prostitution, gambling, and other rackets in Chicago. Although it could not be proved, it is virtually certain he was responsible for the St. Valentine's Day massacre, in which his henchmen murdered seven members of the Bugs Moran gang in 1929.
Capone was convicted of income tax evasion in 1931 and served eight years in prison. Seriously ill upon his release, he retired to Florida. Capone was born in Naples, Italy. He was raised in New York City and there became involved in crime. Capone moved to Chicago in 1920.

-Clancy Darcy

Scientific Discovery - Insulin

In 1920 Dr. Frederick Banting had an idea that would make a discovery that would change the world. Before this discovery being diagnosed with diabetes would mean death. At the University of Toronto Charles Best and Fred Banting a pancreatic extract that had anti-diabetic characteristics. It were successful when tested on dogs. Within months Professor J. J. R. MacLeod, who provided the lab space and general scientific direction to Banting and Best, put his entire research team to work on the production and purification of insulin. J.B. Collip joined the team and the four of them were able to purify insulin and use it on diabetic patients. The first test of the use of insulin was on Leonard Thompson in early 1922, and it was successful. J.R. Macleod and Fred Banting were awarded the Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1923.The word spread quickly around the world and gave hope to many diabetics that were near death. Although insulin is not a cure this discovery has and continues to save millions of lives. The production of insulin has changed since 1922. Modern science and technology has now made high quality insulin and delivery systems which makes it more convenient for diabetic persons.


-By Prasahnt Singh

Literary Figure, Earnest Hemingway

Earnest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899. He was born in Illinois in the city of Oak Park. Out of six children he was the first born son. He lived a relatively normal life and even became a reporter for The Kansas City Star, and worked for then for just around six months. He later tried to join the U.S. Army to see what it was like in WWI but failed the medical entrance exam. Instead of giving up, he decided to join the American Fields Service Ambulance Corps, where on the first day of duty he was sent to pick up human bodies that belonged to women that were bombed in a nearby factory. In 1918 he was wounded, ending his career, his consolation prize, a Silver Medal of Military Valor from the Italian Government.

He married his first wife, Elizabeth Richardson, in 1921. He moved with his new bride to reside in Paris. He wrote his first book, entitled Three Stories and Ten Poems in 1923. When his wife became pregnant they moved back to the stated by the time she was due. His first American book published was In Our Time in 1925. he divorced and remarried to Pauline Pfeiffer, and published a new book, Men Without Women all in the same year of 1923

He wrote and published many book of poetry and short stories after that. He was injured very badly in 1954; he was victim of two plane crashes. Only moths later he was subject to a terrible bushfire that left him with second-degree burns on his legs, torso, lips, left hand, and right forearm. He fell into depression and also into heavy drinking. Hemingway attempted suicide in the spring of 1961 and failed, but shortly after his 62nd birthday he took a shotgun shot to the head by his own hands and ended his life on July, 2, 1961.

By: Amber Vrolyk

Historical Figure, Babe Ruth

Babe Ruth, whose birth name is George Herman Ruth, was history’s first sports superstar. He originally could have been the greatest left-handed pitcher, but instead became the greatest hitter in history. He led the Red Sox to victory in two World Series, but was traded soon after to the Yankees in 1918. He was making $80,000 a year, which is more than the President at that time who was only making $75,000. Because of Babe Ruth the Yankees were the first team to have a million fans into their stadium.

At one point, he held the record for most home runs in a season at 60 home runs right up until 1961. In total he has hit 714 home runs in the entirety of his career. Supposedly, there was a curse placed on the Red Sox after they traded away Babe Ruth. They didn’t win the World Series for an extremely long time. Until recently, in 2004, when they won the World Series. However, the Yankees made it to, and won the World Series a multitude of times.

Ruth was only 19 when Jack Dunn, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles of the International League, decided to sign him to his first professional contract. But in order so complete the contract Dunn had to adopt him in order to get in out of school. This started his nickname Dunn’s “baby”. His nickname seemed to stick and changed slightly to the famous one we all know, Babe, followed be his last name Ruth. Thus the name Babe Ruth was created.

-Amber Vrolyk